The Role of Traditional Political Parties in the Democratization Essay

The Role of Traditional Political Parties in the Democratization Process in Latin America - Essay Example Practically every one of the countries in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean had encountered having such sorts of governments in their history. Among the most conspicuous names in Latin America’s rundown of dictator governments are Somoza of Nicaragua, Batista of Cuba, Duvalier of Haiti, Trujillo of Dominican Republic, Peron of Argentina, Noriega of Panama, and Pinochet of Chile. The way to control that is very basic among them is the upset d’etat. Some of these despots were brought to control after they had toppled properly chosen governments. There were additionally those regular citizens who were fairly chosen into office just to usurp all the forces vested in the authoritative bodies and controlled by orders rather with the guide of the military. Regardless of the way that significant pieces of the locale were under military tyrannies for long time, there were as yet customary gatherings that asserted their impact on legislative issues in every one of the nations in Latin America. The effect of the customary ideological groups in administration was, be that as it may, diminished with the ascent of dictator systems. It must be called attention to however that it was the primary qualities of the said ideological groups that realized the rise of tyrants and dictators. In the nineteenth century, when a significant number of the nations in locale won their freedom from Spain and different colonizers, political force was solely held by the privileged societies, especially the landed and the business elites. Be that as it may, the high societies were likewise separated with regards to issues identified with how their nation must be administered. Upon the takeoff of the Spanish colonialists, political discussions spun around the treatment of the Catholic Church, which basically imparted capacity to the pioneer directors, just as the type of government to be built up in post-frontier and present day Latin America (Bray 76). The dissident s needed an express that is totally liberated from the intruding of the Church, a type of government that regresses capacity to the regions, and free enterprise. The preservationists, then again, demanded that the Church ought to hold the benefits and force that it has had since the provincial time. They needed a progressively brought together type of government and the assurance of the interests of the landed first class. The nonconformists and preservationists of the nineteenth century were the beginnings of the customary gatherings that later on created and increased more prominent impact by the 1900s. It is clear however that with such particular plan, neither one nor the other political powers had the majority rule interests of the majority in their psyches, in spite of the fact that the dissidents were thoughtful to the majority since they need open help for their issues against the moderates. In any case, both the nonconformists and the traditionalists don't address â€Å"th e fundamental issue of joining masses of Indians and Negroes into society or to the staggering neediness and obliviousness of the general population† (Bray 76). Subsequently, regardless of whether government power changed hands between the two, genuine majority rules system didn't happen however the conventional ideological groups remained. It was just when social unrest declined in view of imbalances, that the military officials took over through overthrow d’etat. The standard reasons made by the military officials for propelling the overthrows were that open request needs to restored, that the spread of socialism must be forestalled, and that

About the Earths Geographic and Magnetic South Pole

About the Earths Geographic and Magnetic South Pole The South Pole is the southernmost point on the Earths surface. It is at 90ËšS scope and it is on the contrary side of the Earth from the North Pole. The South Pole is situated in Antarctica and it is at the site of the United States Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, an exploration station that was built up in 1956. Topography of the South Pole The Geographic South Pole is characterized as the southern point on Earths surface that crosses the Earths hub of pivot. This is the South Pole that is situated at the site of the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. It moves around 33 feet (ten meters) since it is situated on a moving ice sheet. The South Pole is on an ice level around 800 miles (1,300 km) from McMurdo Sound. The ice at this area is around 9,301 feet (2,835 m) thick. Thus frosts development, the area of the Geographic South Pole, likewise called the Geodetic South Pole, must be recalculated yearly on January 1. As a rule, the directions of this area are simply communicated regarding scope (90ËšS) on the grounds that it basically has no longitude as it is found where the meridians of longitude join. In spite of the fact that, if longitude is given it is supposed to be 0ËšW. Furthermore, all focuses moving ceaselessly from the South Pole face north and must have a scope beneath 90ëš as they push north toward the Earths equator. These focuses are as yet given in degrees south anyway in light of the fact that they are in the Southern Hemisphere. Since the South Pole has no longitude, it is hard to read a clock there. Likewise, time can't be evaluated by utilizing the suns position in the sky either on the grounds that it rises and sets just once every year at the South Pole (because of its outrageous southern area and the Earths hub tilt). Consequently, for comfort, time is kept in New Zealand time at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station. Attractive and Geomagnetic South Pole Like the North Pole, the South Pole likewise has attractive and geomagnetic posts which contrast from the 90ËšS Geographic South Pole. As per the Australian Antarctic Division, the Magnetic South post is the area on the Earths surface where the course of the Earths attractive field is vertically upwards. This structures an attractive plunge that is 90ëš at the Magnetic South Pole. This area moves around 3 miles (5 km) every year and in 2007 it was situated at 64.497ËšS and 137.684ËšE. The Geomagnetic South Pole is characterized by the Australian Antarctic Division as the purpose of convergence between the Earths surface and the pivot of an attractive dipole that approximates the Earths place and the start of the Earths attractive field. The Geomagnetic South Pole is evaluated to be situated at 79.74ËšS and 108.22ËšE. This area is close to the Vostok Station, a Russian examination station. Investigation of the South Pole In spite of the fact that investigation of Antarctica started in the mid-1800s, endeavored investigation of the South Pole didn't happen until 1901. In that year, Robert Falcon Scott endeavored the primary undertaking from Antarcticas coastline toward the South Pole. His Discovery Expedition kept going from 1901 to 1904 and on December 31, 1902, he arrived at 82.26ËšS however he didn't travel any farther south. Presently, Ernest Shackleton, who had been on Scotts Discovery Expedition, propelled another endeavor to arrive at the South Pole. This campaign was known as the Nimrod Expedition and on January 9, 1909, he went in close vicinity to 112 miles (180 km) from the South Pole before he needed to turn around. At long last in 1911 nonetheless, Roald Amundsen turned into the primary individual to arrive at the Geographic South Pole on December 14. After arriving at the post, Amundsen built up a camp named Polhiem and named the level that the South Pole is on, King Haakon VII Vidde. after 34 days on January 17, 1912, Scott, who was endeavoring to race Amundsen, additionally arrived at the South Pole, yet on his arrival home Scott and his whole undertaking kicked the bucket because of cold and starvation. Following Amundsen and Scotts arriving at the South Pole, individuals didn't return there until October 1956. In that year, U.S. Naval force Admiral George Dufek arrived there and presently, the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station was set up from 1956-1957. Individuals didn't arrive at the South Pole via land however until 1958 when Edmund Hillary and Vivian Fuchs propelled the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Since the 1950s, the greater part of the individuals on or close to the South Pole have been specialists and logical undertakings. Since the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station was set up in 1956, analysts have ceaselessly staffed it and as of late it has been overhauled and extended to permit more individuals to work there consistently. To get familiar with the South Pole and to see webcams, visit the ESRL Global Monitorings South Pole Observatory site. References Australian Antarctic Division. (21 August 2010). Posts and Directions: Australian Antarctic Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (n.d.). ESRL Global Monitoring Division - South Pole Observatory. Wikipedia.org. (18 October 2010). South Pole - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia.

Interpretation of the Downton Abbey Essays - Downton Abbey, Downton

English period dramatization Downton Abbey has become a worldwide sensation since hitting our screens in 2010. A practically moment hit in the UK, arrangement two established Downton as an around the world wonder and one of the UK's greatest fares, with in excess of 100 nations possessing the rights to communicate the show. The arrangement is set in the anecdotal Downton Abbey, a Yorkshire nation house, the seat of the Earl and Countess of Grantham, and follows the lives of the distinguished Crawley family and their workers during the rule of King George V. The principal arrangement crossed the two years before the Great War starting with updates on the sinking of the Titanic in 1912, which set the story moving. The subsequent arrangement secured the years 1916 to 1919, and the 2011 Christmas Special secured the 1919 Christmas time frame, finishing off with mid 1920. The third arrangement gets before long, covering 1920 through the pre-winter of 1921. I have viewed the initial two arrangement and the start of the third arrangement and I locate some catchphrases to decipher this dramatization. Areas Highclere Castle in Hampshire was utilized for outside shots of Downton Abbey and the majority of the inside recording. The town of Bampton in Oxfordshire was utilized to film open air scenes, most strikingly St Mary's Church and the library, which filled in as the passageway to the bungalow medical clinic. Numerous authentic areas and refined chateaus were utilized to film different scenes. The anecdotal Haxby Park, the domain Sir Richard Carlisle means to purchase in Series 2, is a piece of Waddesdon Manor in Buckinghamshire.Inveraray Castle served as Duneagle Castle in the 2012 Christmas exceptional. In the third arrangement, Bates' jail scenes were recorded at Lincoln Castle in Lincolnshire. The Downton Abbey of the title and setting, however anecdotal, is portrayed as lying in the verifiable County of Yorkshire. The towns of Easingwold, Kirkby Malzeard, Kirkbymoorside, Malton, Middlesbrough, Ripon, Richmond, and Thirsk, each referenced by characters in the arrangement, lie in pr esent-day North Yorkshire, as does the city of York, while Leeds?similarly mentioned?lies in West Yorkshire. Those areas are signs that this dramatization is totally unique in relation to different shows which occur in present day times. In this uncommon setting, the Downton Abbey must have other particular attributes. Love English style sentimental love lies in pretty much every English scholarly works. In the Downton Abbey, the controlling slants among men of their word and women that make us loose and entranced are very not quite the same as the free love. Matthew, an attractive and autonomous legal advisor, experienced passionate feelings for Mary, the oldest girl of Lord. Among the three little girls, Mary is the most wonderful one; she had various followers after the passing of her fianc?. After long haul commitment, Mary came to adore Matthew for his is upstanding and competitor. Outfits The tales of initial two arrangement occurred somewhere in the range of 1912 and 1919; as needs be, the design pattern of ensembles has experienced slight changes. Skirt got shorter, looser and increasingly agreeable. In the main arrangement, entertainer are required to wear girdles while in the subsequent arrangement, the necessity isn't so exacting. In any case, in this colossal dramatization, all the on-screen characters and entertainer, from aristocrats to worker, wear recycled ensembles obtained from theaters with the exception of on-screen character Maggie Smith. She played the Lord Grantham?s mother. All the best components of British show can be followed in the Downton Abbey: quiet language, gigantic story of blue-blooded family, opposing and controlled character. I don?t know its closure, yet I trust that it could have a cheerful completion simply like the accounts from the pen of Jane Austen.

Personal & Career Development Programme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Individual and Career Development Program - Essay Example A plan of action will thus fill in as a connection between business specialists and specialized specialists to assist them with understanding their jobs. Also, a plan of action is a huge determinant of making benefits gathered from an advancement. In this manner, a plan of action regularly pulls in a large number of numerous business subjects like financial aspects, methodology, tasks, enterprise, fund and advertising (Bradford, 2009). Also, the fundamental explanation whyâ a given standard advancement alongside a solid plan of action regularly will in general be increasingly productive contrasted with a main development whose plan of action is a fair (Bolman 2004). Barlow (2007) clarifies that a plan of action has six segments, which empowers it to be successful, just as effective; these parts include: Value recommendation †this is a portrayal of client issues, items that manage this issue, just as the estimation of the item taking into account the client. Market portion †this is the objective gathering of the clients, recognizing that each market fragments have their own particular need. As a rule, the capacity of an advancement is acknowledged by focusing on various market section. Worth chain structure †this is the company’s position, alongside the worth chain, and how the organization expects to involve the component of the standards it sets up in the chain. Income age and edges †this includes the manners in which that pay is produced like deals, membership and so forth.; target net revenues, and the cost structure. Position in the worth system †this is the distinguishing proof of contenders, just as any system results that can be utilized in conveying more an incentive to clients. Serious methodology †these involve manners by which the organization will endeavor to make a drawn out upper hand for example by endeavoring to be unique in relation to different organizations (Piro, 2000). A delineation with the assistance of a contextual investigation is the most ideal approach to depict ABC Corporation, alongside its ABC Model 999 copier, corresponding to its plan of action, items or administrations, potential turn of events, just as the client base (Hoque 2000). The Model 999 regularly used the relativity of higher electro-photography process, a dry procedure that frequently evades the use of utilizing wet synthetics (Rainey, 2005). In its endeavors to search for potential accomplices, the ABC Corporation turned out to be more than once turned somewhere around many driving organizations who saw that innovation they had didn't have any future particularly with the utilization of the plans of action (Bradford, 2009). Despite the fact that the innovation was select to initially duplicate frameworks, the expense of the framework around then was amazingly high since it was six to multiple times higher than different advancements (Webber, 2010). The issue of selling a given framework at lower cost in ord er to be received by numerous organizations at that point came into place and needed to settle on a choice or, in all likelihood be looked out of the market. This test needed to accompany them additionally need to make colossal benefits around then and to bring about their costs as well. They likewise got providers that could flexibly them with provisions that were indistinguishable from theirs, however at less expensive expense (Brinckloe, 2001).

The Ethics of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Ethics of Human Resource Management - Essay Example are considered as basic rights for laborers (Fredrick, 2002) and these can be considered as debatable as well (Koehn, 2002) (Watson, 2003). HR the board is likewise expected to address the issues of separation, for example, age, race, sex, religion, incapacity, lewd behavior and so on regularly using governmental policy regarding minorities in society. (Smith, 1997) Along these lines the workers of an association have certain commitments towards bosses, for example, protection over licensed innovation rights, whistle blowing and so forth. Representatives are relied upon to manage these issues on a moral plane with the end goal that the interests of the business are not violated upon. Then again, businesses have certain moral commitments towards representatives, for example, working environment wellbeing through either adjusting the working environment or through giving preparing and insurance from dangers in the work environment. Inside the issues recorded above, singular organizations can be considered as autonomous in light of the fact that the greater part of these contemplations can be taken care of in house or with the assistance of minimal outside assistance. Anyway there are sure issues that may swarm the restrictions of an organization or firm’s position to manage them. The domain of progressively inescapable monetary issues, for example, exchange strategies, exchange unionism, movement and globalization all have a few sorts of moral measurements however it is frequently past the intensity of an individual organization to manage them (Legge, 2007) (Morehead et al., 1997). There are various driving hypotheses on managing moral issues in the human asset the executives circle including Kantian morals, consequentialism utilitarianism, ethicalness morals and equity morals. Contentions have been progressed both for and against these hypotheses that will in general make HR the board moral just as an exploitative field of training. There is anyway no denying that morals has a huge impact in HR the executives and so as to make an enduring and

A Damn Good Dawg - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

A Damn Good Dawg - UGA Undergraduate Admissions A Damn Good Dawg Yesterday, a beloved member of the UGA community and the schools mascot, Uga VII, passed away. While it may seem a little odd for a university community to mourn the passing of a dog, the Uga mascot has been a well-loved and honored dog. The Uga mascot has graced the cover of Sports Illustrated when he was named the nations top mascot in 1997, had a small role in the movie Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, and attended the Heisman trophy presentation with Herschel Walker. A few years ago, my family and I were able to go onto the field before the UGA-Marshall game, and while the football game, the food and the whole event were great, my kids favorite part was getting to see Uga and his dog house on the sidelines. Our hearts go out to the UGA community and the Seiler family. Uga VII, you will be missed. As the Bulldog nation says, you were a damn good dog!

5 Ways How to Speak on Networking Presentation Topics in .PPT Format

If you’re a huge fan of Hollywood products, than you definitely have a list of favorite movies or cartoons that make your heart go boom. Nothing can take your attention away from the screen when your favorite celeb is shining bright like a diamond. The relationship that actors capture on the screen is, without any doubt, different than the relationship that you have with the target audience you’ve prepared a PowerPoint presentation for. Still, as a speaker, you have exactly the same desired result – you don’t want your audience to look your words away. But unlike the screen stories, you are not provided with 2 or 3 hours to maintain everyone’s attention. According to the article about the effects of PowerPoint, the audience can remember an average of 4 slides from a 20-slide presentation. So, the question is – how to build up a hooking PowerPoint presentation on Networking to ensure people will talk about it? Begin with a hook. The average individual’s attention span clocks in 8 seconds. It’s highly recommended to look for an unbelievable fact to immediately hook your target audience’s attention. For instance, you can mention that at present there are 5 billion computing devices (phones, computers, switches, modems and so on) and that by 2020 this number will reach 22 billion. Define your call to action. Knowing your call to action will make your presentation a success or break it. So, what is your special goal? What do you want your crowd to take away from your project? Announce it loudly at the end of your presentation. Simplify. Make sure to follow one idea on a page. Thus, you will give your audience an opportunity to really absorb that one concept. Avoid the clichà ©s. Regardless the nature of the networking presentation topics that you work on, it is important to not to fall back on the clichà © images or concepts. Make sure to communicate with the others by means of the most suitable ways to express what is in your mind. Have a strong ending. It is important to mention that the conclusion of your presentation will sound and look a lot like your intro. The key difference lies in the fact that your intro is provided to attract your audience while the ending part is there to call them to action. Keep away from the so-called watered phrases when you conclude your project. There’s no need to give suggestions or hints. Instead, provide impactful summarization points and use direct and concise language. The reality is that no matter how hard you try, your presentation in Networking is most likely to fail if you don’t choose an attention-grabbing topic for one. Ensure to take into consideration the most interesting and original topics of the area. The Most Interesting and Original Networking Presentation Topics Heterogeneity in Mobile Cloud Computing: Taxonomy and Open Challenges; App Acceleration and Load Balancing; Media Access Control and Address Resolution Protocol; Are Digital Signatures the Best Way to Protect Copyrights, Say on Games?; What Makes Social Networking Addictive?; Cloud-Based Augmentation for Mobile Devices: Motivation, Taxonomies, and Open Challenges; Use this quick guide to get your ideas and facts formed into a marvelous presentation that will move the target audience! Alternatively, you can address our custom writing service. We’re ready to prepare a good example of how to speak on Networking topics.

Ouachita Baptist University Admissions ACT, Admit Rate

Vibration White Finger Treatment and Prevention Options

Vibration white finger,  or Raynauds disease, is also called hand-arm vibration syndrome and is a  repetitive stress injury  caused by exposure of the hands to vibrating equipment. Its a neurological injury and may be associated with pain, tingling, and numbness in the hands, a loss of sensitivity, and a decrease in grip strength. Fingers may become white and swollen when cold and then red and painful when rewarmed. If you have been diagnosed with vibration white finger or fear you might develop it, it is time to look at treatments and prevention. Vibration white finger is a cumulative disorder with no cure after you have developed it. However, the same measures you can take to prevent the disorder can help reduce the frequency and duration of white finger episodes. Other symptomatic treatments can ease your suffering as well. Cause of Vibration White Finger Tools that cause the vibration syndrome include jackhammers, angle grinders, chain saws, power lawn mowers, and like equipment, though vibrating electronic game controllers can also contribute. Episodes of vascular spasms that cause the white finger are usually triggered by exposure to cold or by contact with cold surfaces. Wet and damp conditions can also exacerbate the condition. Controlling the triggering cause can go a long way to reducing symptoms. Prevention If you use vibrating equipment on a regular basis, you are at risk for developing vibration white finger. Preventive measures can ward off this syndrome. Use sound ergonomic equipment that reduces vibration transference to the hands.Use vibration-absorbing gloves or pads. Gel padding is better than foam padding for protecting  your hands against vibration.Hold equipment loosely.Work in short durations with frequent breaks. Take at least one 10-minute break every hour.Keep your hands warm to keep blood flowing.Avoid smoking or taking drugs or substances that inhibit blood flow. Maintain a Healthy Body You need to stay healthy and fit. Maintain a healthy weight. Strong bodies are more resilient against the stressors that cause vibration white finger. Maintain good cardiovascular health. Good blood flow to the hands is crucial. Treatment Although vibration white finger has no known cure, some practices can alleviate the symptoms. Stop using vibrating equipment. The more you vibrate the affected area, the worse it will get.Stop smoking and the use of tobacco products. Tobacco makes the disorder worse.Caffeine and amphetamines can trigger bouts of vibration white finger. Remove these from your diet.Some prescription and over-the-counter drugs and supplements may trigger bouts as well if they restrict blood flow. Discuss possible drug interactions with your health care provider.Stay warm and avoid cold triggers.Exercise your hands and body to improve circulation.Keep your whole body warm outdoors in cold temperatures, to keep circulation moving to your extremities. Hand warmers and battery-warmed gloves may be useful.When a bout  of vibration syndrome occurs, warm the hands as fast as possible.Medication: Some medications do provide some effectiveness in treating vibration white finger. Talk to your doctor for more information.

Children s Testimonial Accuracy Has A Impact On A Child...

Within the last several years, the topic of children’s testimonial accuracy has become a largely studied area. It has been suggested that an interviewers bias and suggestibility has a powerful impact on a child’s performance during an interview (Cleveland, Quas Lyon, 2016). Suggestibility affects the extent to which a child is able to retrieve and report on events due to psychological or social influences (Milne Bull, 2003). Suggestibility is brought forth through psychological or social influences, such as suggestive questioning, repeating already answered questions or using praise or negative feedback when children give answers to questions (Cleveland et al., 2016). Researchers have found that age plays a critical role in the child’s ability to refrain from interviewer suggestibility, with results suggesting that the younger the child, the more susceptible they are (Cleveland et al., 2016). With relation to age, cognitive factors have also been found to play a role in children’s susceptibility. Findings from previous studies propose that lower cognitive functioning is associated with higher memory errors, suggesting that fewer memory errors would occur in children with higher cognitive functioning (Hritz et al., 2015). Similarly individual differences such as a child’s temperament or attachment style can also affect their susceptibility to suggestion (Hritz et al., 2015). As research has shown, children can be susceptible to interviewer suggestibility for a variety ofShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Progress Monitoring and Assessment on Pupil Performance16691 Words   |  67 Pagesbenefits of progress monitoring and assessment on pupil performance Abstract This paper is about the programs and systems that are designed to track the progress of pupils of different age groups. The major emphasis is laid on how it affects the kids and their academic performance. 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Jane Eyre s Life Was Full Of Oppression, Neglect And Sorrow

Jane Eyre’s life was full of oppression, neglect and sorrow. The novel was formed around a few main ideas. One of those would be the search of love and acceptance. Jane wanted to find a family so desperately and she wanted to belong to people. More than this though, Jane wanted to be treated equally. She was denied equality because of her social status, her income,her lack of â€Å"beauty† and most of all because of her gender. The book Jane Eyre shows the struggle that women face while attempting to overcome oppression and inequality in the Victorian era. Ever since she was a child, Jane had always been outspoken and opinionated. Even though these two characteristics were not seen to be fit for a girl or women, Jane always had the confidence to do the opposite of what was expected of her. An example of this is in the beginning of the novel, when Jane fights back to her brutal cousin John Reed. John was a bully to Jane and in one specific scene, he calls her a rat and m ocks her for being an orphan. He throws a book at her and her head starts to bleed. Jane says, â€Å"Wicked and cruel boy! You are like a murderer- you are like a slave driver- you are like the Roman emperors!† This was surprising because Jane was only a small child and small girls did not normally show anger or say harsh things like she had. After this scene, my opinion of Jane’s character had already began to form: she was one tough girl. It was obvious that Jane had always questioned society s view of

Part Two Chapter X Free Essays

X Andrew left Yarvil at half-past three, to be sure of getting back to Hilltop House before five. Fats accompanied him to the bus stop and then, apparently on a whim, told Andrew that he thought he would stay in town for a bit, after all. Fats had made a loose arrangement to meet Krystal in the shopping centre. We will write a custom essay sample on Part Two Chapter X or any similar topic only for you Order Now He strolled back towards the shops, thinking about what Andrew had done in the internet cafe, and trying to disentangle his own reactions. He had to admit that he was impressed; in fact, he felt somewhat upstaged. Andrew had thought the business through, and kept it to himself, and executed it efficiently: all of this was admirable. Fats experienced a twinge of pique that Andrew had formulated the plan without saying a word to him, and this led Fats to wonder whether, perhaps, he ought not to deplore the undercover nature of Andrew’s attack on his father. Was there not something slippery and over-sophisticated about it; would it not have been more authentic to threaten Simon to his face or to take a swing at him? Yes, Simon was a shit, but he was undoubtedly an authentic shit; he did what he wanted, when he wanted, without submitting to societal constraints or conventional morality. Fats asked himself whether his sympathies ought not to lie with Simon, whom he liked entertaining with crude, crass humour focused mainly on people making tits of themselves or suffering slapstick injuries. Fats often told himself that he would rather have Simon, with his volatility, his unpredictable picking of fights – a worthy opponent, an engaged adversary – than Cubby. On the other hand, Fats had not forgotten the falling tin of creosote, Simon’s brutish face and fists, the terrifying noise he had made, the sensation of hot wet piss running down his own legs, and (perhaps most shameful of all) his whole-hearted, desperate yearning for Tessa to come and take him away to safety. Fats was not yet so invulnerable that he was unsympathetic to Andrew’s desire for retribution. So Fats came full circle: Andrew had done something daring, ingenious and potentially explosive in its consequences. Again Fats experienced a small pang of chagrin that it had not been he who had thought of it. He was trying to rid himself of his own acquired middle-class reliance on words, but it was difficult to forgo a sport at which he excelled, and as he trod the polished tiles of the shopping centre forecourt, he found himself turning phrases that would blow Cubby’s self-important pretensions apart and strip him naked before a jeering public †¦ He spotted Krystal among a small crowd of Fields kids, grouped around the benches in the middle of the thoroughfare between shops. Nikki, Leanne and Dane Tully were among them. Fats did not hesitate, nor appear to gather himself in the slightest, but continued to walk at the same speed, his hands in his pockets, into the battery of curious critical eyes, raking him from the top of his head to his trainers. ‘All righ’, Fatboy?’ called Leanne. ‘All right?’ responded Fats. Leanne muttered something to Nikki, who cackled. Krystal was chewing gum energetically, colour high in her cheeks, throwing back her hair so that her earrings danced, tugging up her tracksuit bottoms. ‘All right?’ Fats said to her, individually. ‘Yeah,’ she said. ‘Duz yer mum know yer out, Fats?’ asked Nikki. ‘Yeah, she brought me,’ said Fats calmly, into the greedy silence. ‘She’s waiting outside in the car; she says I can have a quick shag before we go home for tea.’ They all burst out laughing except Krystal, who squealed, ‘Fuck off, you cheeky bastard!’ but looked gratified. ‘You smokin’ rollies?’ grunted Dane Tully, his eyes on Fats’ breast pocket. He had a large black scab on his lip. ‘Yeah,’ said Fats. ‘Me uncle smokes them,’ said Dane. ‘Knackered his fuckin’ lungs.’ He picked idly at the scab. ‘Where’re you two goin’?’ asked Leanne, squinting from Fats to Krystal. ‘Dunno,’ said Krystal, chewing her gum, glancing sideways at Fats. He did not enlighten either of them, but indicated the exit of the shopping centre with a jerk of his thumb. ‘Laters,’ Krystal said loudly to the rest. Fats gave them a careless half-raised hand in farewell and walked away, Krystal striding along beside him. He heard more laughter in their wake, but did not care. He knew that he had acquitted himself well. ‘Where’re we goin’?’ asked Krystal. ‘Dunno,’ said Fats. ‘Where d’you usually go?’ She shrugged, walking and chewing. They left the shopping centre and walked on down the high street. They were some distance from the recreation ground, where they had previously gone to find privacy. ‘Didjer mum really drop yeh?’ Krystal asked. ‘Course she bloody didn’t. I got the bus in, didn’t I?’ Krystal accepted the rebuke without rancour, glancing sideways into the shop windows at their paired reflections. Stringy and strange, Fats was a school celebrity. Even Dane thought he was funny. ‘He’s on’y usin’ yeh, yeh stupid bitch,’ Ashlee Mellor had spat at her, three days ago, on the corner of Foley Road, ‘because yer a fuckin’ whore, like yer mum.’ Ashlee had been a member of Krystal’s gang until the two of them had clashed over another boy. Ashlee was notoriously not quite right in the head; she was prone to outbursts of rage and tears, and divided most of her time between learning support and guidance when at Winterdown. If further proof were needed of her inability to think through consequences, she had challenged Krystal on her home turf, where Krystal had back-up and she had none. Nikki, Jemma and Leanne had helped corner and hold Ashlee, and Krystal had pummelled and slapped her everywhere she could reach, until her knuckles came away bloody from the other girl’s mouth. Krystal was not worried about repercussions. ‘Soft as shite an’ twice as runny,’ she said of Ashlee and her family. But Ashlee’s words had stung a tender, infected place in Krystal’s psyche, so it had been balm to her when Fats had sought her out at school the next day and asked her, for the first time, to meet him over the weekend. She had told Nikki and Leanne immediately that she was going out with Fats Wall on Saturday, and had been gratified by their looks of surprise. And to cap it all, he had turned up when he had said he would (or within half an hour of it) right in front of all her mates, and walked away with her. It was like they were properly going out. ‘So what’ve you been up to?’ Fats asked, after they had walked fifty yards in silence, back past the internet cafe. He knew a conventional need to keep some form of communication going, even while he wondered whether they would find a private place before the rec, a half-hour’s walk away. He wanted to screw her while they were both stoned; he was curious to know what that was like. ‘I bin ter see my Nana in hospital this mornin’, she’s ‘ad a stroke,’ said Krystal. Nana Cath had not tried to speak this time, but Krystal thought she had known that she was there. As Krystal had expected, Terri was refusing to visit, so Krystal had sat beside the bed on her own for an hour until it was time to leave for the precinct. Fats was curious about the minutiae of Krystal’s life; but only in so far as she was an entry point to the real life of the Fields. Particulars such as hospital visits were of no interest to him. ‘An’,’ Krystal added, with an irrepressible spurt of pride, ‘I’ve gave an interview to the paper.’ ‘What?’ said Fats, startled. ‘Why?’ ‘Jus’ about the Fields,’ said Krystal. ‘What it’s like growin’ up there.’ (The journalist had found her at home at last, and when Terri had given her grudging permission, taken her to a cafe to talk. She had kept asking her whether being at St Thomas’s had helped Krystal, whether it had changed her life in any way. She had seemed a little impatient and frustrated by Krystal’s answers. ‘How are your marks at school?’ she had said, and Krystal had been evasive and defensive. ‘Mr Fairbrother said that he thought it broadened your horizons.’ Krystal did not know what to say about horizons. When she thought of St Thomas’s, it was of her delight in the playing field with the big chestnut tree, which rained enormous glossy conkers on them every year; she had never seen conkers before she went to St Thomas’s. She had liked the uniform at first, liked looking the same as everybody else. She had been excited to see her great-grandfather’s name on the war memorial in the middle of the Square: Pte Samuel Weedon. Only one other boy had his surname on the war memorial, and that was a farmer’s son, who had been able to drive a tractor at nine, and who had once brought a lamb into class for Show and Tell. Krystal had never forgotten the sensation of the lamb’s fleece under her hand. When she told Nana Cath about it, Nana Cath had said that their family had been farm labourers once. Krystal had loved the river, green and lush, where they had gone for nature walks. Best of all had been rounders and athletics. She was always first to be picked for any kind of sporting team, and she had delighted in the groan that went up from the other team whenever she was chosen. And she thought sometimes of the special teachers she had been given, especially Miss Jameson, who had been young and trendy, with long blonde hair. Krystal had always imagined Anne-Marie to be a little bit like Miss Jameson. Then there were snippets of information that Krystal had retained in vivid, accurate detail. Volcanoes: they were made by plates shifting in the ground; they had made model ones and filled them with bicarbonate of soda and washing-up liquid, and they had erupted onto plastic trays. Krystal had loved that. She knew about Vikings too: they had longships and horned helmets, though she had forgotten when they arrived in Britain, or why. But other memories of St Thomas’s included the muttered comments made about her by little girls in her class, one or two of whom she had slapped. When Social Services had allowed her to go back to her mother, her uniform became so tight, short and grubby that letters were sent from school, and Nana Cath and Terri had a big row. The other girls at school had not wanted her in their groups, except for their rounders teams. She could still remember Lexie Mollison handing everyone in the class a little pink envelope containing a party invitation, and walking past Krystal with – as Krystal remembered it – her nose in the air. Only a couple of people had asked her to parties. She wondered whether Fats or his mother remembered that she had once attended a birthday party at their house. The whole class had been invited, and Nana Cath had bought Krystal a party dress. So she knew that Fats’ huge back garden had a pond and a swing and an apple tree. They had eaten jelly and had sack races. Tessa had told Krystal off because, trying desperately hard to win a plastic medal, she had pushed other children out of the way. One of them had had a nosebleed. ‘You enjoyed St Thomas’s, though, did you?’ the journalist had asked. ‘Yeah,’ said Krystal, but she knew that she had not conveyed what Mr Fairbrother had wanted her to convey, and wished he could have been there with her to help. ‘Yeah, I enjoyed it.’) ‘How come they wanted to talk to you about the Fields?’ asked Fats. ‘It were Mr Fairbrother’s idea,’ said Krystal. After another few minutes, Fats asked, ‘D’you smoke?’ ‘Wha’, like spliffs? Yeah, I dunnit with Dane.’ ‘I’ve got some on me,’ said Fats. ‘Get it off Skye Kirby, didja?’ asked Krystal. He wondered whether he imagined a trace of amusement in her voice; because Skye was the soft, safe option, the place the middle-class kids went. If so, Fats liked her authentic derision. ‘Where d’you get yours, then?’ he asked, interested now. ‘I dunno, it were Dane’s,’ she said. ‘From Obbo?’ suggested Fats. ‘Tha’ fuckin’ tosser.’ ‘What’s wrong with him?’ But Krystal had no words for what was wrong with Obbo; and even if she had, she would not have wanted to talk about him. Obbo made her flesh crawl; sometimes he came round and shot up with Terri; at other times he fucked her, and Krystal would meet him on the stairs, tugging up his filthy fly, smiling at her through his bottle-bottom glasses. Often Obbo had little jobs to offer Terri, like hiding the computers, or giving strangers a place to stay for a night, or agreeing to perform services of which Krystal did not know the nature, but which took her mother out of the house for hours. Krystal had had a nightmare, not long ago, in which her mother had become stretched, spread and tied on a kind of frame; she was mostly a vast, gaping hole, like a giant, raw, plucked chicken; and in the dream, Obbo was walking in and out of this cavernous interior, and fiddling with things in there, while Terri’s tiny head was frightened and grim. Krystal had woken up feeling sick and angry and disgusted. †E’s a fucker,’ said Krystal. ‘Is he a tall bloke with a shaved head and tattoos all up the back of his neck?’ asked Fats, who had truanted for a second time that week, and sat on a wall for an hour in the Fields, watching. The bald man had interested him, fiddling around in the back of an old white van. ‘Nah, tha’s Pikey Pritchard,’ said Krystal, ‘if yeh saw him down Tarpen Road.’ ‘What does he do?’ ‘I dunno,’ said Krystal. ‘Ask Dane, ‘e’s mates with Pikey’s brother.’ But she liked his genuine interest; he had never shown this much inclination to talk to her before. ‘Pikey’s on probation.’ ‘What for?’ ‘He glassed a bloke down the Cross Keys.’ ‘Why?’ †Ow the fuck do I know? I weren’t there,’ said Krystal. She was happy, which always made her cocky. Setting aside her worry about Nana Cath (who was, after all, still alive, so might yet recover), it had been a good couple of weeks. Terri was adhering to the Bellchapel regime again, and Krystal was making sure that Robbie went to nursery. His bottom had mostly healed over. The social worker seemed as pleased as her sort ever did. Krystal had been to school every day too, though she had not attended either her Monday or her Wednesday morning guidance sessions with Tessa. She did not know why. Sometimes you got out of the habit. She glanced sideways at Fats again. She had never once thought of fancying him; not until he had targeted her at the disco in the drama hall. Everyone knew Fats; some of his jokes were passed around like funny stuff that happened on the telly. (Krystal pretended to everyone that they had a television at home. She watched enough at friends’ houses, and at Nana Cath’s, to be able to bluff her way through. ‘Yeah, it were shit, weren’t it?’ ‘I know, I nearly pissed meself,’ she would say, when the others talked about programmes they had seen.) Fats was imagining how it would feel to be glassed, how the jagged shard would slice through the tender flesh on his face; he could feel the searing nerves and the sting of the air against his ripped skin; the warm wetness as blood gushed. He felt a tickly over-sensitivity in the skin around his mouth, as if it was already scarred. ‘Is he still carrying a blade, Dane?’ he asked. †Ow d’you know ‘e’s gotta blade?’ demanded Krystal. ‘He threatened Kevin Cooper with it.’ ‘Oh, yeah,’ Krystal conceded. ‘Cooper’s a twat, innee?’ ‘Yeah, he is,’ said Fats. ‘Dane’s on’y carryin’ ‘cos o’ the Riordon brothers,’ said Krystal. Fats liked the matter-of-factness of Krystal’s tone; her acceptance of the need for a knife, because there was a grudge and a likelihood of violence. This was the raw reality of life; these were things that actually mattered †¦ before Arf had arrived at the house that day, Cubby had been importuning Tessa to give him an opinion on whether his campaign leaflet should be printed on yellow or white paper †¦ ‘What about in there?’ suggested Fats, after a while. To their right was a long stone wall, its gates open to reveal a glimpse of green and stone. ‘Yeah, all righ’,’ said Krystal. She had been in the cemetery once before, with Nikki and Leanne; they had sat on a grave and split a couple of cans, a little self-conscious about what they were doing, until a woman had shouted at them and called them names. Leanne had lobbed an empty can back at the woman as they left. But it was too exposed, Fats thought, as he and Krystal walked up the broad concreted walkway between the graves: green and flat, the headstones offering virtually no cover. Then he saw barberry hedges along the wall on the far side. He cut a path right across the cemetery, and Krystal followed, hands in her pockets, as they picked their way between rectangular gravel beds, headstones cracked and illegible. It was a large cemetery, wide and well tended. Gradually they reached the newer graves of highly polished black marble with gold lettering, places where fresh flowers had been laid for the recently dead. To Lyndsey Kyle, September 15 1960-March 26 2008, Sleep Tight Mum. ‘Yeah, we’ll be all right in there,’ said Fats, eyeing the dark gap between the prickly, yellow-flowered bushes and the cemetery wall. They crawled into the damp shadows, onto the earth, their backs against the cold wall. The headstones marched away from them between the bushes’ trunks, but there were no human forms among them. Fats skinned up expertly, hoping that Krystal was watching, and was impressed. But she was gazing out under the canopy of glossy dark leaves, thinking about Anne-Marie, who (Aunt Cheryl had told her) had come to visit Nana Cath on Thursday. If only she had skipped school and gone at the same time, they could have met at last. She had fantasized, many times, about how she would meet Anne-Marie, and say to her, ‘I’m yer sister.’ Anne-Marie, in these fantasies, was always delighted, and they saw each other all the time after that, and eventually Anne-Marie suggested that Krystal move in. The imaginary Anne-Marie had a house like Nana Cath’s, neat and clean, except that it was much more modern. Lately, in her fantasies, Krystal had added a sweet little pink baby in a frilly crib. ‘There you go,’ said Fats, handing Krystal the joint. She inhaled, held the smoke in her lungs for a few seconds, and her expression softened into dreaminess as the cannabis worked its magic. ‘You ain’ got brothers an’ sisters,’ she asked, †ave yeh?’ ‘No,’ said Fats, checking his pocket for the condoms he had brought. Krystal handed back the joint, her head swimming pleasantly. Fats took an enormous drag and blew smoke rings. ‘I’m adopted,’ he said, after a while. Krystal goggled at Fats. ‘Are yeh adopted, are yeh?’ With the senses a little muffled and cushioned, confidences peeled easily away, everything became easy. ‘My sister wuz adopted,’ said Krystal, marvelling at the coincidence, delighted to talk about Anne-Marie. ‘Yeah, I probably come from a family like yours,’ said Fats. But Krystal was not listening; she wanted to talk. ‘I gottan older sister an’ an older brother, Liam, but they wuz taken away before I wuz born.’ ‘Why?’ asked Fats. He was suddenly paying close attention. ‘Me mum was with Ritchie Adams then,’ said Krystal. She took a deep drag on the joint and blew out the smoke in a long thin jet. ‘He’s a proper psycho. He’s doin’ life. He killed a bloke. Proper violent to Mum an’ the kids, an’ then John an’ Sue came an’ took ’em, and the social got involved an’ it ended up John an’ Sue kept ’em.’ She drew on the joint again, considering this period of her pre-life, which was doused in blood, fury and darkness. She had heard things about Ritchie Adams, mainly from her aunt Cheryl. He had stubbed out cigarettes on one-year-old Anne-Marie’s arms, and kicked her until her ribs cracked. He had broken Terri’s face; her left cheekbone was still receded, compared to the right. Terri’s addiction had spiralled catastrophically. Aunt Cheryl was matter of fact about the decision to remove the two brutalized, neglected children from their parents. ‘It ‘ad to ‘appen,’ said Cheryl. John and Sue were distant, childless relatives. Krystal had never known where or how they fitted in her complex family tree, or how they had effected what, to hear Terri tell it, sounded like kidnap. After much wrangling with the authorities, they had been allowed to adopt the children. Terri, who had remained with Ritchie until his arrest, never saw Anne-Marie or Liam, for reasons Krystal did not entirely understand; the whole story was clotted and festering with hatred and unforgivable things said and threatened, restraining orders, lots more social workers. ‘Who’s your dad, then?’ asked Fats. ‘Banger,’ said Krystal. She struggled to recall his real name. ‘Barry,’ she muttered, though she had a suspicion that was not right. ‘Barry Coates. O’ny I uses me mum’s name, Weedon.’ The memory of the dead young man who had overdosed in Terri’s bathroom floated back to her through the sweet, heavy smoke. She passed the joint back to Fats and leaned her head against the stone wall, looking up at the sliver of sky, mottled with dark leaves. Fats was thinking about Ritchie Adams, who had killed a man, and considering the possibility that his own biological father was in prison somewhere too; tattooed, like Pikey, spare and muscled. He mentally compared Cubby with this strong, hard authentic man. Fats knew that he had been parted from his biological mother as a very small baby, because there were pictures of Tessa holding him, frail and bird-like, with a woolly white cap on his head. He had been premature. Tessa had told him a few things, though he had never asked. His real mother had been very young when she had him, he knew that. Perhaps she had been like Krystal; the school bike †¦ He was properly stoned now. He put his hand behind Krystal’s neck and pulled her towards him, kissing her, sticking his tongue into her mouth. With his other hand, he groped for her breast. His brain was fuzzy and his limbs were heavy; even his sense of touch seemed affected. He fumbled a little to get his hand inside her T-shirt, to force it under her bra. Her mouth was hot and tasted of tobacco and dope; her lips were dry and chapped. His excitement was slightly blunted; he seemed to be receiving all sensory information through an invisible blanket. It took longer than the last time to prise her clothes loose from her body, and the condom was difficult, because his fingers had become stiff and slow; then he accidentally placed his elbow, with all his weight behind it, on her soft fleshy underarm and she shrieked in pain. She was drier than before; he forced his way inside her, determined to accomplish what he had come for. Time was glue-like and slow, but he could hear his own rapid breathing, and it made him edgy, because he imagined someone else, crouching in the dark space with them, watching, panting in his ear. Krystal moaned a little. With her head thrown back, her nose became broad and snout-like. He pushed up her T-shirt to look at the smooth white breasts, jiggling a little, beneath the loose constraint of the undone bra. He came without expecting it, and his own grunt of satisfaction seemed to belong to the crouching eavesdropper. He rolled off her, peeled off the condom and threw it aside, then zipped himself up, feeling jittery, looking around to check that they were definitely alone. Krystal was dragging her pants up with one hand, pulling down her T-shirt with the other, reaching behind herself to do up her bra. It had become cloudy and darker while they had sat behind the bushes. There was a distant buzzing in Fats’ ears; he was very hungry; his brain was working slowly, while his ears were hypersensitive. The fear that they had been watched, perhaps over the top of the wall behind them, would not leave him. He wanted to go. ‘Let’s †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ he muttered, and without waiting for her, he crawled out between the bushes and got to his feet, brushing himself down. There was an elderly couple a hundred yards away, crouching at a graveside. He wanted to get right away from phantom eyes that might, or might not, have watched him screw Krystal Weedon; but at the same time, the process of finding the right bus stop and getting on the bus to Pagford seemed almost unbearably onerous. He wished he could simply be transported, this instant, to his attic bedroom. Krystal had staggered out behind him. She was pulling down the bottom of her T-shirt and staring down at the grassy ground at her feet. ‘Fuck,’ she mumbled. ‘What?’ said Fats. ‘C’mon, let’s go.’ †S Mr Fairbrother,’ she said, without moving. ‘What?’ She pointed at the mound in front of them. There was no headstone yet; but fresh flowers lay all along it. ‘See?’ she said, crouching over and indicating cards stapled to the cellophane. ‘Tha’ sez Fairbrother.’ She recognized the name easily from all those letters that had gone home from school, asking her mother to give permission for her to go away on the minibus. ‘†Ter Barry†,’ she read carefully, ‘an’ this sez, â€Å"Ter Dad†,’ she sounded out the words slowly, ‘†from †¦ â€Å"‘ But Niamh and Siobhan’s names defeated her. ‘So?’ demanded Fats; but in truth, the news gave him the creeps. That wickerwork coffin lay feet below them, and inside it the short body and cheery face of Cubby’s dearest friend, so often seen in their house, rotting away in the earth. The Ghost of Barry Fairbrother †¦ he was unnerved. It seemed like some kind of retribution. ‘C’mon,’ he said, but Krystal did not move. ‘What’s the matter?’ ‘I rowed for ‘im, di’n I?’ snapped Krystal. ‘Oh, yeah.’ Fats was fidgeting like a restive horse, edging backwards. Krystal stared down at the mound, hugging herself. She felt empty, sad and dirty. She wished they had not done it there, so close to Mr Fairbrother. She was cold. Unlike Fats, she had no jacket. ‘C’mon,’ said Fats again. She followed him out of the cemetery, and they did not speak to each other once. Krystal was thinking about Mr Fairbrother. He had always called her ‘Krys’, which nobody else had ever done. She had liked being Krys. He had been a good laugh. She wanted to cry. Fats was thinking about how he would be able to work this into a funny story for Andrew, about being stoned and fucking Krystal and getting paranoid and thinking they were being watched and crawling out almost onto old Barry Fairbrother’s grave. But it did not feel funny yet; not yet. How to cite Part Two Chapter X, Essay examples

Should Childrens Crimes Be Blamed On Media Violen Essay Example For Students

Should Childrens Crimes Be Blamed On Media Violen Essay ce? Eng. III February 11, 2004 Today it seems that the connection between youth violence and entertainment is getting closer and closer. Analysts, doctors, psychologists and everyone else who studies the minds of children are always stating that children being driven over the edge because of violent entertainment they associate themselves with. Children and teenagers seem to acquire nothing but negative influences from violent entertainment and that will only corrupt a youths mind. Influencing them to create horrible and shocking crimes. But this is just a lie from desperate mouths searching for some type of scapegoat. Its not only the media that influences children to corruption, but the environment around them. Maybe for once someone should look in the direction of the mental health of children and their surrounding environment, instead of placing all the blame on the television. In 1950, only 10% of American homes had a television and by 1960 the percentage had grown to 90%. Today 99% of homes have a television. In fact, more families own a television than a phone. Now, 54% of U.S. children have a television set in their bedrooms. Children spend more time learning about life through media than in any other manner. The average child spends approximately 28 hours a week watching television, which is twice as much time as they spend in school. During the past decade, America has witnessed an alarming increase in the incidence of violence in the lives of children. On a daily basis, children in America are victims of violence, as witnesses to violent acts in their homes or communities, or as victims of abuse, neglect, or personal assault. The causes of violent behavior in society are complex and interrelated. Among the significant contributors are poverty, racism, unemployment, illegal drugs, inadequate or abusive parenting practices, and real-life adult models of violent problem-solving behavior. It is not the childrens fault that they posses a violent nature. This is what the nature they have been brought up around. It has been the only world they have ever known. At the same time that there has been an increase in the number of reported violent acts directed at children, there has been an increase in the amount and severity of violent acts observed by children through the media, including television, movies, computer games, and videotapes, and an increase in the manufacture and distribution of weapon-like toys and other products directly linked to violent programming. Although, the media does reflect the violence across the world it also gives children a different perspective on crimes acuring frequently. But, if you limit your children to what they watch on T.V., you might limit the violent nature they might attain over the years. For most kids, the effect of media violence is fairly small, so long as the examples they see on TV and in movies are balanced with good examples, values and morals, set and followed through by parents and peers. But for children who grow up with poor adult examples or an unclear idea of whats right and wrong, media violence can have a greater effect. When children grow up with few examples and morals set by others around them, they sometimes adopt a celebrity as a role model. If they see someone they look up to promoting violence either on TV or in movies, they may think that violence is the right or cool thing to do. This mindset is very often the cause of violent acts by children and teens. The prevalence of violence in American society is a complex social problem that will not be easily solved. Violence in the media is only one manifestation of the larger societys fascination with violence. .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33 , .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33 .postImageUrl , .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33 , .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33:hover , .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33:visited , .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33:active { border:0!important; } .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33:active , .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33 .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u71079feb741d36c8ab8b1176fdd5ec33:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Breast cancer Essay However, media violence is not just a reflection of violent society, it can also a contributor sometimes. If our nation wishes to produce future generations of productive adults who reject violence as a means of problem solving, we must reassert the vital role of government in protecting its most vulnerable citizens. This starts with creating more programs across the nation keeping kids out of hostile environments. No matter where you go, there will always be violence. It is just human nature to commit crimes on one another. So instead of blaming the media, why dont people start blaming ourselves. Bibliography Johnson, J., Christie, J., Yawkey, T. (1987). Play and early childhood development. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman. National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress for the eighties. Vol 1: Summary report. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Tuscherer, .

Threat of new entrants free essay sample

Sufficient suppliers to support new entrants: a fragmented industry means there are sufficient suppliers for new entrants to â€Å"discover† to build relationships with, and even Winestyr’s existing customers would probably want to build additional distribution channels 3. Easy for existing brick and mortar sellers to enter as they already have a customer base and are likely to have industry/regulation knowledge as well Bargaining Power of Suppliers Could potentially increase in the future when there are new competitors in the market and Winestyr’s existing suppliers are likely to try building additional distribution channels Bargaining Power of Buyers 1. High – ecommerce implies easy comparison of prices, high customer acquisition costs for Winestyr but close to zero for buyers to compare prices and â€Å"jump† to another site (it’s almost a perfectly competitive market) 2. However, if they are targeting buyers who are eager enough to find out about craft wines and related information, Winestyr could extract value by being a â€Å"value-add† seller and not just an ecommerce site Threat of Substitutes (Complements) – 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Threat of new entrants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Beer, spirits, non alcoholic options 2. Other online wine sellers 3. Potential complements – wine pairing sites, culinary institutions (for educational/marketing purposes), food sites etc. Threat of new entrants . Sufficient suppliers to support new entrants: a fragmented industry means there are sufficient suppliers for new entrants to â€Å"discover† to build relationships with, and even Winestyr’s existing customers would probably want to build additional distribution channels 3. Easy for existing brick and mortar sellers to enter as they already have a customer base and are likely to have industry/regulation knowledge as well Bargaining Power of Suppliers Currently low – fragmented industry 2. Could potentially increase in the future when there are new competitors in the market and Winestyr’s existing suppliers are likely to try building additional distribution channels Bargaining Power of Buyers 1. High – ecommerce implies easy comparison of prices, high customer acquisition costs for Winestyr but close to zero for buyers to compare prices and â€Å"jump† to another site (it’s almost a perfectly competitive market).

A paper that make arguments against euthanasia and clerly defines euthanasia (best used in debate class for neg)

A paper that make arguments against euthanasia and clerly defines euthanasia (best used in debate class for neg) Historically those nations that have opened the door to the monster of euthanasia have slid into a nightmare of murder. This is precisely what happened in Nazi Germany. They began by killing the sick and old then they destroyed the mentally ill, mentally retarded, and infants born with deformities. From there, it was but a small step to begin exterminating undesirables the Jews, Poles, Gypsies, the nonproductive, political prisoners, homosexuals, and others. Euthanasia was the first small step down the road toward the Nazi extermination camps. Let's look at euthanasia from a more modern perspective. Suppose Diane is an 18-year-old high school senior who is deeply loved by her friends and family. One day, she fails to come home from school when expected.By six-thirty that evening, her mother starts to worry. When eight o'clock rolls around, her father calls the police, he is told there's been no report of an accident.Diane and AmeliaNone of the local hospitals have a patient named Dia ne. Her mother then begins making frantic telephone calls and finally reaches Diane's best friend, Rene. "Oh Mrs. Johnson" Rene says with compassion. She begins to cry. "I wanted so much to call you but I promised Diane I would let the clinic tell you." "Clinic" "what clinic" says Mrs. Johnson? "You know," says Rene. "The Life Choice Clinic downtown, I think you'd better call them. Diane's mother gets the clinic administrator on the line, who says, "I'm terribly sorry Mrs. Johnson, we were just getting ready to call you I know this will be hard for you please sit down. Diane came in this afternoon and asked to be assisted in her passing. You may know that she has been very depressed about her grades and because of the rejection letter she received from...

Free Essays on White Teacher Talks About Race

Julie Landsman gives off a unique and inspiring aspect in teaching a complex culture in her book, â€Å"A White Teacher Talks about Race.† I have learned the many different qualities and responsibilities teachers need to hold in order to understand and be able to relate with their students. What I respected the most is how Julie strived to reach her students in such a subtle way. The education system isn’t going to change within a matter of months or years it will take decades to keep the progression of change to take effect. It is the teacher’s responsibility over those years to keep the students best interest in mind. Julie made a great point stating that the laws will have to soften and our minds open. Teacher need to look at the long run and see that everything they do will mold the future even though they do not see the results now. The children are our future and as a teacher it is essential to benefit their education regardless of location, culture or rac e. I’m tired of society placing labels on groups of people and stereotyping city schools to be underachievers. The right knowledge, the right attitude and the right mind frame held by the teachers gives students endless opportunities to achieve. Our system needs to literally pound the message to the school boards that â€Å"the skies the limit† with the right guidance for our students. It was my teachers that made me realize that I wanted to become a teacher and make a difference. They motivated me enough to try and weed them out and not have anymore like them around. Julie is so inspiring because she looks to the positive and sees her students as individuals never placing a limit on their abilities. As a teacher you have to have hope, the strength to help the students and never give up on them. Each student needs to have support and know that you believe in them and will help them achieve their goals. If they don’t have any goals then it is your responsibility to hel... Free Essays on White Teacher Talks About Race Free Essays on White Teacher Talks About Race Julie Landsman gives off a unique and inspiring aspect in teaching a complex culture in her book, â€Å"A White Teacher Talks about Race.† I have learned the many different qualities and responsibilities teachers need to hold in order to understand and be able to relate with their students. What I respected the most is how Julie strived to reach her students in such a subtle way. The education system isn’t going to change within a matter of months or years it will take decades to keep the progression of change to take effect. It is the teacher’s responsibility over those years to keep the students best interest in mind. Julie made a great point stating that the laws will have to soften and our minds open. Teacher need to look at the long run and see that everything they do will mold the future even though they do not see the results now. The children are our future and as a teacher it is essential to benefit their education regardless of location, culture or rac e. I’m tired of society placing labels on groups of people and stereotyping city schools to be underachievers. The right knowledge, the right attitude and the right mind frame held by the teachers gives students endless opportunities to achieve. Our system needs to literally pound the message to the school boards that â€Å"the skies the limit† with the right guidance for our students. It was my teachers that made me realize that I wanted to become a teacher and make a difference. They motivated me enough to try and weed them out and not have anymore like them around. Julie is so inspiring because she looks to the positive and sees her students as individuals never placing a limit on their abilities. As a teacher you have to have hope, the strength to help the students and never give up on them. Each student needs to have support and know that you believe in them and will help them achieve their goals. If they don’t have any goals then it is your responsibility to hel...

Explain what proposition knowledge is, and explain the JBT theory of Essay

Explain what proposition knowledge is, and explain the JBT theory of propositional knowledge. Be sure to explain why it seems th - Essay Example For example John and Brian apply for the same job and john believes that Brian will get the job and he has twenty bucks in his pocket. John is justified in believing that the one who will get the job has twenty bucks in his pocket, so it can be said that john is justified in believing the truth although he also has got twenty bucks in his pocket which he is does not know of. Another example is, for instance just meeting a person is not enough. One should have knowledge about the person. One should have details about that person. This kind of knowledge is known as Personal knowledge. Procedural knowledge also involves some kind of propositional knowledge. For instance, if you have knowledge of how to operate a computer then obviously you will know that by pressing a specific key what function will the computer perform. The Justified True Belief (JTB) theory was given by the famous Greek Philosopher, Plato. Plato was student of the great philosopher Socrates and was the teacher of Aris totle who was also a celebrated philosopher of his time. In Plato’s view, three elements, justification, truth and belief combine to form the definition of propositional knowledge.

Inventory management at WAL-MART Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inventory management at WAL-MART - Case Study Example It also succeeded due to its global strategies. It became the first private-sector company in the world to have employed over one million personnel. It provides large spacious, wide, neat, brightly-lit aisles and shelves stocked with area for people to look around and provide a variety of goods. The average size of a Wal-Mart store is 107,000 square feet (www.walmart.com). Each store employs about 225 people. The employees are called associates as they hold value for the company (Frat Files). The stores feature a variety of quality, value-priced general merchandise, including (www.walmart.com): Wal-Mart operates each store, from the products it stocks, to the front-end equipment that helps speed checkout, with the same philosophy: provide everyday low prices and superior customer service. Lower prices also eliminate the expense of frequent sales promotions and sales are more predictable. Wal-Mart has invested heavily in its unique cross-docking inventory system. Cross docking has enabled Wal-Mart to achieve economies of scale which reduce its costs of sales. With this system, goods are continuously delivered to stores within 48 hours and often without having to stock them. This allows Wal-Mart to replenish the shelves 4 times faster than its competition. Wal-Mart's ability to replenish theirs shelves four times faster than its competition is just another advantage they have over competition. Wal-Mart leverages its buying power through purchasing in bulks and distributing the goods on its own. Wal-Mart guarantees everyday low prices and considers them the one stop shop. INVENTORY MANAGEMENT at WAL-MART Just-in-time inventory (JIT) is the concept of only carrying as much inventory as needed to supply to customers or consumers. Many companies are using JIT to reduce inventory costs and increase gross profits (Damiano, 2005). It makes more sense for companies to use their dollars elsewhere, rather than tying them up in inventory that is just sitting in a warehouse. Wal-Mart's inventory philosophy focuses on getting the good out of the shelves and into the customers hand in the quickest and most cost efficient way as possible and Wal-Mart is a paragon of such efficiency. JIT (Just in Time) is an inventory management technique invented by the Japanese. The first users of this technique are said to be the Toyota people and to this day, this technique is being effectively used by them. The concept behind JIT is that it optimizes the production process byreducing waste and keeping negligible inventory (Epps, 1995). Inventory has a holding cost in terms of keeping the excess inventory in warehouses whose rent has to be paid thus increasing the cost of the inventory. As a retailer, Wal-Mart has been able to achieve respectable leadership by using this technique to reduce the holding costs and decreasing wastages. The most important factor in having a Just-In-Time inventory system is to have the best logistics system in place. This includes having clear transport routes,

The Importance Of The Goals Of Sentencing Criminology Essay

The Importance Of The Goals Of Sentencing Criminology Essay The examination and understanding of contemporary criminal justice goals of sentencing is extremely important if scholars are to recognize the every-changing views of crime and punishment. It is common knowledge that crime has always existed as well as the need to punish criminals. While the standards of punishment and sentencing have changed from banishment and fines to torture and blood feuds (Senna Siegel, 2005), it is apparent by examining the goals of sentencing that the contemporary system of punishment is due in part to the formation of Common Law. Examination of the goals of sentencing reveals that there has been an obvious shift from the once acceptable physical punishment towards more humane sentencing options such as imprisonment, probation, parole, intermediate sanctions, indeterminate sentencing, determinate sentencing and the death penalty. Keywords: Goals of Sentencing, Sentencing Options, Concepts of Sentences In order to research the goals of sentencing, it is apparent that scholars must have access to a vast quantity of resources which are reliable as well as accessible. It is also important that a variety of research be examined which at a minimum should include retribution, incapacitation, deterrence (general and specific), rehabilitation and restoration, as well as the existence of imprisonment, probation, parole, intermediate sanctions, indeterminate sentencing, determinate sentencing and the death penalty. While today there are numerous goals and options available that the contemporary criminal justice system focuses on in regards to imposing punishments and sentences, it is obvious that the goals of sentencing have changed from punishments that were once geared toward satisfying the victim, to broader aspects which more recently have been found to focus on reducing recidivism. It is important to note that by examining and researching the various options available today in regards to sentencing, it becomes apparent that there is no longer a set of policies or straight forward sentencing, and what was once a standard punishment for a particular crime is now being replaced by individualized approaches. Literature Review Throughout researching the criminal justice curriculum, scholars are recommended to reference and examine the importance of the goals of sentencing which include retribution, incapacitation, deterrence (general and specific), rehabilitation, restoration, imprisonment, probation, parole, intermediate sanctions, indeterminate sentencing, determinate sentencing and the death penalty. While punishment refers to a negative response that is imposed on an individual due to committing an act that has been established by society as being inappropriate (Hugo, 2010), retribution, which is often referred to as a justification for punishment, involves the offender getting what they deserve. Retribution is often viewed as the practice of an eye-for-an-eye; thus a murderer being put to death for the crime of murder would be considered retribution. Incapacitation refers to the idea that if offenders are incarcerated, additional crimes are prevented thus the perception is that prisons contribute to the solution of crime prevention. Research conducted by Hemmens, Kifer, Stohr (2003) supports this theory with findings that suggest that jail and prison staffs are more likely to recognize the goal of corrections as being incapacitation. The focus on deterrence is divided into two categories which are general deterrence and specific deterrence. While general deterrence focuses on preventing the crime before it happens, specific deterrence focuses on how to reduce recidivism. While examining the two concepts of deterrence, Siegel (1992) discusses the importance of understanding the process that occurs prior to an individual choosing to commit a crime by stating before choosing to commit a crime, the reasoning criminal evaluates the risk of apprehension, the seriousness of the expected punishment, the value of the criminal enterprise, and his or her immediate need for criminal gain (Siegel, 1992, p. 131). Rehabilitation refers to the thought that offenders have underlying reasons for committing the crime and thus the chance of recidivism can be reduced if the offender is afforded the opportunity to have various types of rehabilitation including cognitive and rationale therapy, individual counseling and substance abuse groups. Gadek (2008-2010) discusses rehabilitation versus punishment and notes the cost effectiveness of rehabilitation versus strictly incarceration. Restorative justice is an approach that is based around the belief that offenders should be forced to take responsibility and show accountability for their actions, and the victim as well as the community affected, are paid back to some degree by offenders performing community service or paying restitution. Zehr (2002) discusses that restorative justice takes into consideration not only the victim, but considers what needs the victim and offender has and whose obligation it is to meet the identified needs. Discussion In researching the goals of sentencing, it is apparent that in contrast to the structure of the criminal justice system of twenty years ago, contemporary criminal justice systems have no standard approach. Although contemporary criminal justice policies are still referred to as tough-on-crime policies, most jurisdictions are now focusing on individualized programs. It is evident that there is no one single approach to sentencing an offender; yet in order to understand the fundamentals of crime and punishment, the goals of sentencing which are retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation and restoration must be examined. The principle that is commonly used to describe the ethics of law is that the punishment should fit the crime. Individuals who agree with this theory are increasingly in favor of retributive justice, which includes punishments such as an eye-for-an-eye and a hand-for-an-hand. According to Cavadino Dignan (1997), advocates who support retributive justice advocate that punishment is strictly utilized to punish offenders according to the severity of the crime committed. Maiese (2004) advocates that retributive justice is a matter of giving those who violate human rights law and commit crimes against humanity their just deserts (p. 2). While retributive justice serves to demand that the punishment fit the crime, research suggest that there are negative sides to enforcing the idea of retributive justice. Maiese (2004) discusses that when punishment is solely based on the degree of the crime committed, it is easy to place emphasis on revenge versus retributive justice. Maiese (2004) states like retribution, revenge is a response to wrongs committed against innocent victims and reflects the proportionality of the scales of justice (p. 2). While there are those that support harsh punishments against offenders, there are viable and effective alternatives to retributive justice such as restorative justice and psychiatric imprisonment. Restorative justice has become increasingly more popular as this theory focuses not only on the offender, but includes the victim and the communities that were impacted by the crime committed. Restorative justice places the responsibility on the offender to acknowledge how the crime affected the victim as well the community. It is important to note, that research has suggested that restorative justice is more commonly utilized with property offenses as well as civil and criminal offenses and has been considered ineffective and inappropriate to use with those convicted of drug offenses, domestic violence and sexual assault ( ). In contrast, restorative justice is the opposite of retributive justice in that restorative justice, therefore, advocates restitution to the victim by the offender rather than retribution by the state against the offender (Maiese, 2004, p.1). Restorative justice is achieved by including the offender, victims and the community. This is beneficial in that this process involves all of the individuals who were affected by the crime committed. Examples of restorative justice would include crime victim awareness education for the offender and the offender being held responsible for paying restitution and performing community service. Hayes (2005) notes that another goal and objective of restorative justice is decreasing recidivism. Although there are those such as Beven (2005) that argue that restorative justice has no significance as related to recidivism, Hayes (2005) advocates that restorative justice not only can prevent recidivism but it can deter other potential criminals. In examining deterrence, there are two main ideas that encompass the theories of how to decrease recidivism as well as how to prevent crime altogether. The concepts are general deterrence and specific deterrence. While the general deterrence theory advocates that individuals will commit crimes when there is no fear of punishment, specific deterrence focuses on punishing offenders in order to prevent them from violating the laws that were broken. It is important to note that it is the theory of specific deterrence that utilizes negative sanctions in order to prevent further acts of crime. In researching the various theories of deterrence, the question arises as to whether general deterrence is effective considering that this theories focus is based on an individuals ability to determine whether or not apprehension is a certainty? According to Keel (2005), research as related to capital punishment indicated that the general deterrence theory is not effective. Keel (2005) further notes that there is minimum relevance when considering capital offenses in the states which utilize the death penalty. This noted ineffectiveness in regards to the theories of deterrence also raises the question as to whether incapacitation is an appropriate sentencing option. Incapacitation focuses on the belief that in order to ensure public safety, that it is acceptable and appropriate to incarcerate an individual not necessarily for what they have done, but in order to prevent that individual from committing a crime. It is apparent that incapacitation depends solely on the abilities of the Judge, prosecuting attorney, public defenders as well as local community correction programs to have the skills and education to identify those individuals that have the potential to re-offend. When examining the various forms of sentencing that are currently utilized in contemporary criminal justice systems, home confinement, drug court, day reporting centers and incarceration would all appear to provide a form of incapacitating effect, while sentencing an offender to unsupervised probation, unsupervised home confinement or simply sentencing the offender to pay a fine would not exhibit an incapacitating effect. It is obvious that the ultimate and permanent form of i ncapacitating an offender would be sentencing an individual to the death penalty. While ultimately the goal of sentencing is to provide public safety and to reduce recidivism, the question arises as to whether it would be more cost effective to incapacitate only those offenders who have committed violent crimes and who have increased risk factors that would that would lead one to believe that the offender was capable of committing dangerous crimes. With the importance that is currently being placed on the prison overcrowding, it is sensible to advocate that more offenders should be placed into home confinement or community correction programs which have the resources to offer intense supervision, in order to utilize the prisons that are available for strictly the goal of incapacitation. Rehabilitation versus punishment is a strong consideration when researching the goals of sentencing. While deterrence and a decrease in recidivism are the components that each community strives to meet, each society has a responsibility to consider rehabilitation when enforcing sentencing. Rehabilitation allows an offender the opportunity to become educated about their behavior and affords the offender the chance for change. Although rehabilitation is most commonly utilized with juvenile offenders, it is important to note that rehabilitation has been shown to be effective with the adult offender population when you examine the results that the community correction programs are reporting over the last few years. Incarceration does not offer programs or have a process in which rehabilitation can be offered to offenders and the cost of incarceration far exceeds the costs associated with rehabilitation. Rehabilitation also clearly satisfies the goals of restorative sentencing in that the majority of community correction based programs that exist today have requirements that participants pay their restitution and perform set hours of community service in the community that was offended. It should also be noted that crime victim awareness programs are becoming increasingly p opular in community programs today which educate offenders on how their actions not only affect them, but how the same actions affected the victim and their families. Conclusion The goals of sentencing are important and necessary if society is to maintain order and stability. While contemporary criminal justice systems remain influenced by politics, research supports the theory that increasing the number of offenders that are incarcerated may in fact look like a community is getting tough on crime, but the underlying issue is that this method does nothing for decreasing recidivism; thus in effect, as long as society views incarceration as the choice for punishment, societies will continue to contribute to the increasingly high prison cost as well as contributing negatively to recidivism rates. There are numerous sentencing options available today that clearly satisfy incapacitation, deterrence, retribution, rehabilitation and restoration. Probation, parole, home confinement, day reporting centers, and drug court are all viable options for offenders who are non-violent and pose no danger to society. Rehabilitation offers not only a way to satisfy deterrence, restoration and retribution but it can also contribute to incapacitation in that offenders can be court ordered to locked down psychiatric prisons and rehabilitation centers. It is my belief that there is a need for guidelines in regards to maintaining a consistency between the crime committed and the punishment; yet if it stands true that society is a product of individuals, then society must embrace the effort that the focus can no longer be placed on incarceration but on alternative programs and alternative sentencing in order that the needs of the offenders can be met which in turn allows society to place a positive emphasis on deterrence as well as recidivism.

Capital investment Essay

Capital investment:regardless of whether they involve a tangible or intangiable asset. The incestment creates wealth if the discounted value of the future cash flow exceeds the up front cost. The problem is what to discount- stick to these rules: 1. Only cash flow is relevant. Net present value depends on future cash flows it’s the difference between cash received and cash paid out. Cash should be recorded only when they occur and not when work is undertaken or a liability is incurred. Ex: taxes should be discounted from their actual payment date. 2. Estimate cash flows on an incremental basis. The value of a project depends on all the additional cash flows that follow from project acceptance. Some things to watch for when you are deciding which cash flows to include: a. Do not confuse average with incremental payoffs. you will sometimes encounter turnaround opportunities in which incremental NPV from investing in a loser is strongly positive. These benefits should be net of all other cost. b. Include all incidental effects. Sometimes a new project will help the firms existing business. c. Forecast sales today and recognize after-sales cash flows to come later. Many manufacturing companies depend on the revenues that come after their products are sold. d. Do not forget working capital requirements. Net working capital aka working capital is the difference between a company short term assets and liabilities. Most projects entail an additional investment in working capital, which should be recognized in your cash flow forecasts. e. Include opportunity costs. Is the cash it could generate for the company if the project were rejected and the resource were sold or put to some other productive use, which prompts us to warn you against judging project on the basis of before vs after or with or without. f. Forget sunk costs. They are past and irreversible outflows, cannot be affected by the decision to accept or reject the project and so they should be ignored. g. Beware of allocated overhead costs. We should include only the extra expenses that would result from the project. h. Remember salvage value. The salvage value represents a positive cash flow to the firm, but some have shut down costs in which case the final cash flows may be – 3. Treat inflation consistently investors that inflation into account when they decide what is an acceptable rate of interest, tax saving from depreciation do not increase with inflation. Discount nominal cash flows at a nominal discount rate. Discount real cash flows at a real rate. Never mix real cash flows with nominal discount rates or nominal flows with real rates. Operating cash flow= revenues-cash expenses-taxes Separating investment and financing decisions: we analyze the project as if it were all equity financed, treating payments as cash outflows as coming from stockholders and all cash inflows as going to them, we do this to separate the investment decision from the financing decision. Investments in working capital: working capital increases in the early middile yearps of the project. working capital summarizes the net investment in short term assets associated with a firm, business, or project- the most important components are inventory, AR,AP. Working capital= inventory+ ar-ap Working capital increases for several reasons: 1. Sales are increasing and customers are slow to pay their bills, A/R ^ 2. Age properly. As projected sales increase, larger inventories have to be held in the aging sheds. 3. Payments are delayed, which ^ A/P Additional investment in working capital=increase in inventory+ increase in A/R – increase in A/P